Ciprofloxacin: An Overview

Ciprofloxacin is a powerful fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used to treat bacterial infections such as those of the urinary tract, respiratory system, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. It acts by blocking bacterial enzymes—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—thereby stopping DNA replication and bacterial growth. The drug is well absorbed orally, distributed throughout body tissues, and excreted mainly via the kidneys, with dosage adjustments needed for renal impairment. Although effective, it carries significant risks, including tendon rupture, nerve damage, heart rhythm disturbances, and worsening of myasthenia gravis. Because of these potential adverse effects and growing antibiotic resistance, its use should be limited to cases where clearly indicated and guided by culture results.